Rhythm and meaning

This should help. I pulled this of net, while researching how to properly write and structure poetry to post on poems-and quotes. I posted it in my personally poetry club discussion form, to enlighten members on how to better and more effectively write poetry. I believe you will find it of use;

Let's Write Poetry; The Basic Fundamentals Of Poetry

Poetry can at times be unapproachable, and college English students often dread the poetry unit of their English Composition classes. This article explains some of the basic principles of poetry.

Imagery

Edgar Allen Poe called poetry, "The rhythmical creation of beauty." Emily Dickinson said, "If I read a book and it makes my whole body so cold that no fire can ever warm me, then I know that it is poetry."

Poetry takes the raw material of words and creates something much greater than what is literally present.

To do so, poets rely heavily on imagery, which is typically done by jumping from the literal to the abstract. For example, a pebble on a beach is not simply a pebble on a beach, but instead an image of life's meaninglessness. A flea is not simply a biting insect, but instead an image of death.

Poets use a variety of language techniques to create these images.

Figurative language –

Figurative language is a tool that an author employs (or uses) to help the reader visualize (or see) what is happening in a story or poem. Some common types of figurative language are: simile, metaphor, alliteration, onomatopoeia, idiom, puns, and sensory language. Below are some ways to introduce these concepts to your class and some activities. There are also links to other sites for more help

Personification – Personification is representing an abstract quality or idea as a person or creature

Example of personification:

1. The wind whispered to me from the darkness.
2. Guilt tapped upon my shoulder with the spindly finger of dread.

Onomatopoeia – Onomatopoeia is the use of words or a word that carries the sound of the thing described. In other words, it causes the reader to hear the sound represented.

Examples of onomatopoeia:

1. I heard the crack of the bat as he hit the ball.
2. I hear the screech of chalk on the board.

Hyperbole - A hyperbole is an intentional overstatement or exaggeration. A hyperbole says more than is true. It stretches the truth so far that it is not expected to be taken literally. It is used to make an important point.

Examples of hyperbole:

1. I have told you a million times.
2. I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.

Simile - A simile is a figurative language device that makes its points by comparing two things that aren't normally associated with each other using the words like or as.

Examples of simile:

1. That girl is as sharp as a tack.
2. She sings like a canary.

Metaphor - A metaphor is a simile without the words like or as. A metaphor is used to make the meaning more intense.

Examples of metaphor:

1. Loneliness is an empty room.
2. That old man is a sly fox.

Metonomy - Metonomy is the substitution of a word for another with which it is associated. For example, in the phrase, "the whole world turns to coal," coal is standing in for destruction.

Tone

Tone is the essence of what is being written, and is used to convey or provoke anger, hurt, joy, apprehension, etc, depending on the poet's goal. Importantly, tone should create a mood without telling the reader what to feel. Poets wanting to create a tone should show rather than tell.

For example, in the phrase, "there are things that are more important beyond this fiddle," the author has shown that the speaker does not like something without simply writing, "I don't like the fiddle."

Irony

Irony is a common way of achieving tone, and is done when two ideas or images are put together that would seem more naturally separate. For instance, in the phrase, "Moving from Cheer to Joy, from Joy to All, I take a box."

Irony is created in that phrase by placing words normally used to describe emotion alongside the word "box." The poet is writing about an experience in a grocery store, and the words are not in fact words for emotion but, in fact, brands of laundry detergent.

A further irony is created by the knowledge that the poet is a man writing in the 1950s, and would therefore seem out of place in a grocery store.

Meter

Meter is rhythm characterized by division into parts of equal time; an arranged pattern of rhythm in a line of verse.

Rhythm

Rhythm is a classic component of poetry, and there are specific rules.

Poetry scholars who analyze rhythm divide the lines of a poem into sections called feet and classify them in the following manner:

Monometer: one foot
Dimeter: two feet
Trimeter: three feet
Tetrameter: four feet
Pentameter: five feet
Hexameter: six feet
Heptameter: seven feet
Octameter: eight feet

Once the number of feet is determined, a poetry scholar then observes the syllabic structure within each foot and classifies them in the following manner:

Iambic: a short-stressed syllable followed by a long-stressed syllable. For example, words like "indeed," "about," or "against."
Trocheeic: a long-stressed syllable followed by a short-stressed syllable. For example, words like "certain," "women," or "patient."

Dactylic: a long-stressed syllable followed by two short-stressed syllables. For example, "muttering," "restaurants," or "oyster-shells."

Anapestic: Two short-stressed syllables followed by a long-stressed syllable. For example, "afternoon," "do I dare," or "overwhelm."

Spondeeic: A long-stressed syllable followed by another long-stressed syllable. For example, "one night," or "shirt sleeves."

So, for instance, in the phrase, "Let us go then you and I," the rhythm scheme would be trocheeic tetrameter.

Rhyme

Placing two like-sounding words together, typically at the end of a line, creates rhyme. When poetry scholars talk about rhyme they are generally referring to a rhyme scheme and map it out with letters. For example, if a poem is four lines long and every other line rhymes then the rhyme scheme would be "abab."

Rhyming is typically used to show when lines break, but it can also be used to show how words fit together. Most of the time, words that rhyme will somehow be connected.

Some poets, particularly free verse poets, like to use off rhyme where the words sound similar but not exactly alike. For example, cow and plow would be examples of explicit rhymes, but blood and cold would be off rhyme.

There are two types of explicit rhyming:

Assonance: when the vowel sounds match, For example: trim, dim or him.

Alliteration: when the consonant sounds match.

Alliteration – Alliteration is a poetic or literary effect achieved by using several words that begin with the same or similar consonants at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse. For example, "Britney is a Beautiful, Breathtaking, Beguiling, Bewitching woman, By whom I’m Befuddled.” Notice the run of words that all begin with the letter B - one accenting the other - that is Alliteration.

Also, the repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in "Her Rapturous, Witching, Wonder, Winsomely Wows me." You might take note of the fact that the beginning consonants of Rapturous, Witching, Wonder, Winsomely, and Wows all make the same or similar sound.

Poem Construction

Poems are typically written in lines, and these lines are placed together in various ways to form the body of the poem.

If only two lines are put together, the poem is said to be written in couplets.

If three or more lines are put together, the poem is said to be written in stanzas, which can be colloquially referred to as poem paragraphs.

When a series of stanzas are made up of regular lines, for example six four-line stanzas, the stanzas are said to be isometric. If the stanzas are made up of irregular lines, for example three four-line stanzas followed by one three-line stanza, the stanzas are said to be heterometric.

Common Types of Poetry

Poems come in all forms, but here are a few common types.

The Villanelle. The villanelle is an intricate braiding of 19 lines, many of them repeated, that are divided into about five stanzas.

The Pantoum. The pantoum can be of any length, but it must be divided into four-line stanzas, also called quatrains. The first and last lines of each stanza are always the same and the rhyme scheme is abba.

The Sonnet. Sonnets are always 14 lines long, and the rhythm scheme is typically iambic pentameter. Shakespearean sonnets have a rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg. Petrarchan sonnets have a rhyme scheme of abba abba cde cde.

Resources:
http://volweb.utk.edu/Schools/bedford/harrisms/1poe.htm
http://www.finetuning.com/articles/p0-226-the-fundamentals-of-poetry.html
http://www.create.cett.msstate.edu/create/classroom/lplan_view.asp?articleID=62

John, if you want to know how rhythm helps bring about tone in a poem you should read Poe's Philosophy of Composition. It is his ideas of how to write, and it is mainly about how he uses different techniques to bring across the tone. For him it starts with certain sounds, and then rhyme and rythm, but it sounds like what you are looking for and it isn't long, probably about 6-7 pages.